高速微型存儲器接口時(shí)序-High-Speed Micro M

Abstract: This application note addresses external memory interfacing with Maxim high-speed microcontrollers other than the DS80C320. A systems designer using these microcontrollers must be aware of multiplexed address/data latch requirements and latch parameters for different families of devices. EPROM and SRAM parameters are discussed to ensure proper matching between the microcontroller and external device.

Introduction

The DS80C320 microcontroller was the first member of the new High-Speed Micro Family from Maxim. The family now includes the DS80C310, DS87C5x0, DS80C390, DS80C400, DS5230, DS5250, among others. When the DS80C320 was introduced, an application note 57, "DS80C320 Memory Interface Timing" was published to describe the unique speed requirements for the memories that interfaced to it. This application note serves the same purpose for the more recent family introductions.

A common configuration for a High-Speed Micro-based system is shown in Figure 1. In this example, both program (EPROM) and data (SRAM) memory devices are included in the system. Of course, with an EPROM-based part such as the DS87C520, it is likely that no other program storage will be required outside the processor. However, for the purposes of this discussion, it will be assumed that external program storage will be used. If the application dictates the use of both on-board and external program memories, some additional decoding logic (not shown) may be required so that the two memory spaces do not overlap.


Figure 1. Typical high-speed micro system.

As with all 8051 external memory interfaces, port 0 lines (P0.7–P0.0) of the processor carry both address and data, and a latch is used to demultiplex the information. The specific part number for the latch will be determined by the speed requirements of the system as discussed below. However, in general, the latch will be a '373 or '573 type. The main difference between these two part types is the pinout. On the '573, all inputs are on one side of the package and all outputs are on the other. This allows a more convenient board layout.

The number of lines connected from the processor's Port 2 address bus (P2.7–P2.0) to the memories' address bus is shown in the figure as 'N'. The exact value of 'N' is determined by the storage size of the memory devices used.

This application note is based on the timing of the DS87C520, but the principles discussed herein should be applicable to any member of the high-speed microcontroller family. Be sure to examine the data sheet of the device in use for minor timing differences from the examples here.

Latch Requirements

Due to the high speed of the Port 0 (AD7–AD0) bus, some consideration must be given to the choice of latches used for address demultiplexing. By examining the High-Speed Micro data sheet, it can be seen that some timing constraints are placed on the latch. For instance, the CPU parameter tAVLL (Port 0 Address Valid to ALE Low) determines the minimum setup time (tSU) the latch will actually have. The parameters tLHLL and tLLAX also affect the timing requirements of the latch. Table 1 shows the CPU parameters for 33MHz operation, and the requirements placed on various latch families. For the parameters in the table, the CPU parameters must be greater than the latch parameters. It can be seen that the minimum required setup and hold time are violated for the HC latch family (highlighted). For this reason, this family cannot be used for 33MHz operation.

The other relevant property of the latch is its propagation delay from input to output. Since the latch is in the address path, this parameter has a direct and significant impact on the memory timing requirements. This parameter will be discussed in the following section.

Table 1. Latch Parameters

CPU Parameter	@33MHz	Latch Parameter	AC Family	F Family	HC Family
tLLHL min	40ns	tW	4.5ns	6.0ns	20.0ns
tAVLL min	10ns	tSU	6.0ns	2.0ns	15.0ns
tLLAX min	10ns	tH tPROP	1.0ns 11.5ns	3.0ns 8.0ns	13.0ns 38.0ns

Program Memory

As shown in Figure 1, the program memory (typically EPROM or flash memory) interfaces to the processor's LSB address through the address demultiplexing latch. The EPROM also interfaces directly with the processor via the MSB address bus and the Program Store ENable (active-low PSEN) signal. The processor always outputs the MSB address before the LSB address, so this interface can be ignored. However, each of the two remaining interfaces must be examined for the most critical timing. The relevant timing parameters for EPROM devices may be found by evaluating their data sheets. Table 2 summarizes the main parameters for several speed grades of EPROMs from two different manufacturers1.

EPROM Parameters

Parameter	-55	-70	-90	-120	-150	-200	-250
tACC min	55ns	70ns	90ns	120ns	150ns	200ns	250ns
tCE min	55ns	70ns	90ns	120ns	150ns	200ns	250ns
tOE min	25/35ns	30/40ns	30/40ns	35/50ns	65ns	75ns	100ns
tDF min	25ns	30/25ns	30/25ns	35/30ns	30ns	30ns	30ns

Note: X/Y indicates difference between the Atmel/AMD devices.

Upon evaluation of the timing specifications for the processor, the latch and the EPROM, it can be seen that the most critical timing path is through the LSB address bus. The address must appear on this bus, pass through the latch, address the EPROM, and the EPROM must output valid data in less time than the CPU parameter tAVIV1. Since the latch is in the path, the timing of this bus can be expressed by the following equation: tPROP + tACC < tAVIV1. The DS87C520 data sheet shows that tAVIV1 is a function of clock speed (denoted tCLCL), and is given by: tAVIV1 = 3tCLCL - 32ns. Solving these equations for 33MHz operation using an F type latch, it can be seen that an EPROM access time of less than 52ns is required. Thish illustrates that the latch speed directly impacts the required speed of the EPROM.

Table 3 shows the EPROM speeds and latch types recommended for various CPU clock speeds. The suggested speed grade is based on the above equation and the EPROM and latch timing parameters. Further evaluation shows that the EPROM parameter tDF may also be a critical parameter at some high CPU clock speeds. This parameter must always be less than the CPU parameter tPXIZ.

Table 3. Recommended EPROM Speeds

Clock Frequency (MHz)	Speed With 'F373 Latch	Speed With 'Ac373 Latch	Speed With 'Hc373 Latch
33	50	20*	20*
25	70	70	50
20	70	70	70
18.432	120	90	90
16	120	120	90
14.746	150	150	120
14.318	150	150	120
12	200	200	150
11.059	200	200	200
7.37	200	200	200
1.8432	200	200	200

*tACC < 20ns may require different memory technology.

Data Memory

There are a number of factors that make interfacing data memories (SRAMs) to the High-Speed Microcontroller family extremely easy. First, SRAM devices are generally faster, and more readily available in higher speed grades. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to find a slow SRAM. A more significant factor is that all High-Speed Micro Family members have the ability to insert stretch cycles into the MOVX instructions. This provides a convenient means of supporting both high- and low-speed devices on the same data bus without requiring external support hardware. All High-Speed Micro Family members default to the use of one stretch cycle for MOVX instructions. To obtain maximum throughput, application software can write to certain Special Function Register (SFR) bits and cause the MOVX instructions to operate with zero stretch cycles. This default condition is a convenience to existing designs that may not have fast RAM in place. Even in high-speed systems, it may not be necessary or desirable to perform data accesses at full speed. Additionally, there are a variety of memory mapped peripherals such as LCD displays or UARTs that are not fast enough to keep up with the full speed high-speed micro. This flexibility allows the user to trade some performance for slower data RAMs if so desired. For the discussion that follows, a worst case timing scenario of zero stretch cycles will be assumed.

For maximum performance, i.e., with a zero stretch cycle data memory access programmed into the processor, a MOVX instruction requires two machine cycles. The fetch of the instruction takes one machine cycle leaving one machine cycle for the memory read or write. In the analysis of the data memory's timing requirements that follows, it will be assumed that the recommendations of Table 3 have been followed.

Through analysis, it can be determined that four SRAM timing parameters are necessary and sufficient to meet the processor's timing requirements for most situations. These parameters and their values for various speed grades are shown in Table 4. During a data read operation, the processor expects the time from an address change until valid data is available to be 71ns (tAVDV1= 3tCLCL-29) or less. If the propagation delay from D to Q of an F373 latch (8ns) is subtracted from this parameter, you obtain a memory address access (tAA) requirement of 54ns. Also for a data read operation, the time from the active-low RD signal going low until valid data is received from the memory device must be 38ns (tRLDV = 2tCLCL - 22) or less. Since the processor's active-low RD signal is tied to the memory's active-low OE pin, the memory must have an output enable access time (tOE) of less than 38ns. After the processor has read the data, the SRAM must relinquish the bus within 25ns (tRHDZ = tCLCL - 5). This dictates that the SRAM parameter tOHZ be less than 25ns. For a write, the processor will provide a minimum write pulse of 56ns (tWLWH = 2 tCLCL - 5), which is equal to the minimum required write pulse width (tWP) of the SRAM. On the basis of these four calculated parameters and assumed SRAM speeds shown in Table 4, the appropriate speed device may be determined for a number of different clock frequencies. A summary of the recommended RAM speeds is given in Table 5 which assumes the fair F373 latch. It should be noted that the critical timing parameter is not always the access time. Because of the high speed of the processor and variations in memory parameter relationships, all four parameters must be checked for any specific clock speed.

Table 4. SRAM Parameters

tAA (ns)	tOE (ns)	tOHZ (ns)	tWP (ns)
35	20	15	25
55	30	25	35
70	35	30	45
80	35	30	60
100	50	35	60
120	60	45	70
150	55	40	90
170	80	35	120
200	100	35	150

Table 5. Recommended RAM Speeds based on tAVDV1 with 'F Latch

Clock (MHz)	Memory Speed (Zero Stretch)	Memory Speed (One Stretch)
33	50	120
25	80ns	200ns
20	80ns	200ns
18.432	120ns	200ns
16	120ns	200ns
14.746	120ns	200ns
14.318	170ns	200ns
12	200ns	200ns
11.059	200ns	200ns
7.37	200ns	200ns
1.8432	200ns	200ns

Additional Considerations

All of the timing calculations used in this application note are based on equations found in the DS87C520 data sheet. These specifications assume an approximately equal capacitive load on the signals specified. If the configuration of Figure 1 is used, this is achieved. If, however, any signal is connected to additional loads, then the capacitive loading including the additional devices should be evaluated. If there is a significant difference, additional margins should be used in the critical path analysis, and appropriate memory speeds selected. For older or otherwise unconventional SRAM devices, it may be wise to confirm other important timing parameters (such as data setup before write active). However, on the devices surveyed, meeting the four parameters discussed above will qualify the device for use.

Equation Summary

For the user who wishes to calculate the memory speed requirements using a crystal frequency not shown in the preceding tables, the following equations provide a concise summary of the information needed.

EPROM Equations



RAM Equations


1EPROM devices from AMD and Amtel were considered.