前言
搜索是大數(shù)據(jù)領(lǐng)域里常見(jiàn)的需求。Splunk和ELK分別是該領(lǐng)域在非開(kāi)源和開(kāi)源領(lǐng)域里的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。本文利用很少的Python代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)基本的數(shù)據(jù)搜索功能,試圖讓大家理解大數(shù)據(jù)搜索的基本原理。
布隆過(guò)濾器 (Bloom Filter)
第一步我們先要實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)布隆過(guò)濾器。
布隆過(guò)濾器是大數(shù)據(jù)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)算法,它的目的是過(guò)濾掉那些不是目標(biāo)的元素。也就是說(shuō)如果一個(gè)要搜索的詞并不存在與我的數(shù)據(jù)中,那么它可以以很快的速度返回目標(biāo)不存在。
讓我們看看以下布隆過(guò)濾器的代碼:
classBloomfilter(object):
A Bloom filter is a probabilistic data-structure that trades space for accuracy
when determining if a value is in a set.It can tell you if a value was possibly
added, or if it was definitely not added, but it can't tell you for certain that
it was added.
"""
def __init__(self,size):
"""Setup the BF with the appropriate size"""
self.values = [False] * size
self.size = size
def hash_value(self,value):
"""Hash the value provided and scale it to fit the BF size"""
returnhash(value) % self.size
def add_value(self,value):
"""Add a value to the BF"""
h = self.hash_value(value)
self.values[h] = True
def might_contain(self,value):
"""Check if the value might be in the BF"""
h = self.hash_value(value)
returnself.values[h]
def print_contents(self):
"""Dump the contents of the BF for debugging purposes"""
print self.values
基本的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)是個(gè)數(shù)組(實(shí)際上是個(gè)位圖,用1/0來(lái)記錄數(shù)據(jù)是否存在),初始化是沒(méi)有任何內(nèi)容,所以全部置False。實(shí)際的使用當(dāng)中,該數(shù)組的長(zhǎng)度是非常大的,以保證效率。
利用哈希算法來(lái)決定數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該存在哪一位,也就是數(shù)組的索引
當(dāng)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)被加入到布隆過(guò)濾器的時(shí)候,計(jì)算它的哈希值然后把相應(yīng)的位置為T(mén)rue
當(dāng)檢查一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是否已經(jīng)存在或者說(shuō)被索引過(guò)的時(shí)候,只要檢查對(duì)應(yīng)的哈希值所在的位的True/Fasle
看到這里,大家應(yīng)該可以看出,如果布隆過(guò)濾器返回False,那么數(shù)據(jù)一定是沒(méi)有索引過(guò)的,然而如果返回True,那也不能說(shuō)數(shù)據(jù)一定就已經(jīng)被索引過(guò)。在搜索過(guò)程中使用布隆過(guò)濾器可以使得很多沒(méi)有命中的搜索提前返回來(lái)提高效率。
我們看看這段 code是如何運(yùn)行的:
bf = Bloomfilter(10)
bf.add_value('dog')
bf.add_value('fish')
bf.add_value('cat')
bf.print_contents()
bf.add_value('bird')
bf.print_contents()
# Note: contents are unchanged after adding bird - it collides
forterm in['dog','fish','cat','bird','duck','emu']:
print'{}: {} {}'.format(term,bf.hash_value(term),bf.might_contain(term))
結(jié)果:
[False,False,False,False,True,True,False,False,False,True]
[False,False,False,False,True,True,False,False,False,True]
dog: 5True
fish: 4True
cat: 9True
bird: 9True
duck: 5True
emu: 8False
首先創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)容量為10的的布隆過(guò)濾器
然后分別加入 ‘dog’,‘fish’,‘cat’三個(gè)對(duì)象,這時(shí)的布隆過(guò)濾器的內(nèi)容如下:
然后加入‘bird’對(duì)象,布隆過(guò)濾器的內(nèi)容并沒(méi)有改變,因?yàn)椤産ird’和‘fish’恰好擁有相同的哈希。
最后我們檢查一堆對(duì)象(’dog’, ‘fish’, ‘cat’, ‘bird’, ‘duck’, ’emu’)是不是已經(jīng)被索引了。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)‘duck’返回True,2而‘emu’返回False。因?yàn)椤甦uck’的哈希恰好和‘dog’是一樣的。
分詞
下面一步我們要實(shí)現(xiàn)分詞。 分詞的目的是要把我們的文本數(shù)據(jù)分割成可搜索的最小單元,也就是詞。這里我們主要針對(duì)英語(yǔ),因?yàn)橹形牡姆衷~涉及到自然語(yǔ)言處理,比較復(fù)雜,而英文基本只要用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)就好了。
下面我們看看分詞的代碼:
def major_segments(s):
"""
Perform major segmenting on a string.Split the string by all of the major
breaks, and return the set of everything found.The breaks in this implementation
are single characters, but in Splunk proper they can be multiple characters.
A set is used because ordering doesn't matter, and duplicates are bad.
"""
major_breaks = ' '
last = -1
results = set()
# enumerate() will give us (0, s[0]), (1, s[1]), ...
foridx,ch inenumerate(s):
ifch inmajor_breaks:
segment = s[last+1:idx]
results.add(segment)
last = idx
# The last character may not be a break so always capture
# the last segment (which may end up being "", but yolo)
segment = s[last+1:]
results.add(segment)
returnresults
主要分割
主要分割使用空格來(lái)分詞,實(shí)際的分詞邏輯中,還會(huì)有其它的分隔符。例如Splunk的缺省分割符包括以下這些,用戶(hù)也可以定義自己的分割符。
] < >( ) { } | ! ; , ‘ ” * s & ? + %21 %26 %2526 %3B %7C %20 %2B %3D — %2520 %5D %5B %3A %0A %2C %28 %29
def minor_segments(s):
"""
Perform minor segmenting on a string.This is like major
segmenting, except it also captures from the start of the
input to each break.
"""
minor_breaks = '_.'
last = -1
results = set()
foridx,ch inenumerate(s):
ifch inminor_breaks:
segment = s[last+1:idx]
results.add(segment)
segment = s[:idx]
results.add(segment)
last = idx
segment = s[last+1:]
results.add(segment)
results.add(s)
returnresults
次要分割
次要分割和主要分割的邏輯類(lèi)似,只是還會(huì)把從開(kāi)始部分到當(dāng)前分割的結(jié)果加入。例如“1.2.3.4”的次要分割會(huì)有1,2,3,4,1.2,1.2.3
def segments(event):
"""Simple wrapper around major_segments / minor_segments"""
results = set()
formajor inmajor_segments(event):
forminor inminor_segments(major):
results.add(minor)
returnresults
分詞的邏輯就是對(duì)文本先進(jìn)行主要分割,對(duì)每一個(gè)主要分割在進(jìn)行次要分割。然后把所有分出來(lái)的詞返回。
我們看看這段 code是如何運(yùn)行的:
forterm insegments('src_ip = 1.2.3.4'):
print term
src
1.2
1.2.3.4
src_ip
3
1
1.2.3
ip
2
=
4
搜索
好了,有個(gè)分詞和布隆過(guò)濾器這兩個(gè)利器的支撐后,我們就可以來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)搜索的功能了。
上代碼:
classSplunk(object):
def __init__(self):
self.bf = Bloomfilter(64)
self.terms = {}# Dictionary of term to set of events
self.events = []
def add_event(self,event):
"""Adds an event to this object"""
# Generate a unique ID for the event, and save it
event_id = len(self.events)
self.events.append(event)
# Add each term to the bloomfilter, and track the event by each term
forterm insegments(event):
self.bf.add_value(term)
ifterm notinself.terms:
self.terms[term] = set()
self.terms[term].add(event_id)
def search(self,term):
"""Search for a single term, and yield all the events that contain it"""
# In Splunk this runs in O(1), and is likely to be in filesystem cache (memory)
ifnotself.bf.might_contain(term):
return
# In Splunk this probably runs in O(log N) where N is the number of terms in the tsidx
ifterm notinself.terms:
return
forevent_id insorted(self.terms[term]):
yield self.events[event_id]
Splunk代表一個(gè)擁有搜索功能的索引集合
每一個(gè)集合中包含一個(gè)布隆過(guò)濾器,一個(gè)倒排詞表(字典),和一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)所有事件的數(shù)組
當(dāng)一個(gè)事件被加入到索引的時(shí)候,會(huì)做以下的邏輯
為每一個(gè)事件生成一個(gè)unqie id,這里就是序號(hào)
對(duì)事件進(jìn)行分詞,把每一個(gè)詞加入到倒排詞表,也就是每一個(gè)詞對(duì)應(yīng)的事件的id的映射結(jié)構(gòu),注意,一個(gè)詞可能對(duì)應(yīng)多個(gè)事件,所以倒排表的的值是一個(gè)Set。倒排表是絕大部分搜索引擎的核心功能。
當(dāng)一個(gè)詞被搜索的時(shí)候,會(huì)做以下的邏輯
檢查布隆過(guò)濾器,如果為假,直接返回
檢查詞表,如果被搜索單詞不在詞表中,直接返回
在倒排表中找到所有對(duì)應(yīng)的事件id,然后返回事件的內(nèi)容
我們運(yùn)行下看看把:
s = Splunk()
s.add_event('src_ip = 1.2.3.4')
s.add_event('src_ip = 5.6.7.8')
s.add_event('dst_ip = 1.2.3.4')
forevent ins.search('1.2.3.4'):
print event
print'-'
forevent ins.search('src_ip'):
print event
print'-'
forevent ins.search('ip'):
print event
src_ip = 1.2.3.4
dst_ip = 1.2.3.4
-
src_ip = 1.2.3.4
src_ip = 5.6.7.8
-
src_ip = 1.2.3.4
src_ip = 5.6.7.8
dst_ip = 1.2.3.4
是不是很贊!
更復(fù)雜的搜索
更進(jìn)一步,在搜索過(guò)程中,我們想用And和Or來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)更復(fù)雜的搜索邏輯。
上代碼:
classSplunkM(object):
def __init__(self):
self.bf = Bloomfilter(64)
self.terms = {}# Dictionary of term to set of events
self.events = []
def add_event(self,event):
"""Adds an event to this object"""
# Generate a unique ID for the event, and save it
event_id = len(self.events)
self.events.append(event)
# Add each term to the bloomfilter, and track the event by each term
forterm insegments(event):
self.bf.add_value(term)
ifterm notinself.terms:
self.terms[term] = set()
self.terms[term].add(event_id)
def search_all(self,terms):
"""Search for an AND of all terms"""
# Start with the universe of all events...
results = set(range(len(self.events)))
forterm interms:
# If a term isn't present at all then we can stop looking
ifnotself.bf.might_contain(term):
return
ifterm notinself.terms:
return
# Drop events that don't match from our results
results = results.intersection(self.terms[term])
forevent_id insorted(results):
yield self.events[event_id]
def search_any(self,terms):
"""Search for an OR of all terms"""
results = set()
forterm interms:
# If a term isn't present, we skip it, but don't stop
ifnotself.bf.might_contain(term):
continue
ifterm notinself.terms:
continue
# Add these events to our results
results = results.union(self.terms[term])
forevent_id insorted(results):
yield self.events[event_id]
利用Python集合的intersection和union操作,可以很方便的支持And(求交集)和Or(求合集)的操作。
運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下:
s = SplunkM()
s.add_event('src_ip = 1.2.3.4')
s.add_event('src_ip = 5.6.7.8')
s.add_event('dst_ip = 1.2.3.4')
forevent ins.search_all(['src_ip','5.6']):
print event
print'-'
forevent ins.search_any(['src_ip','dst_ip']):
print event
src_ip = 5.6.7.8
-
src_ip = 1.2.3.4
src_ip = 5.6.7.8
dst_ip = 1.2.3.4
總結(jié)
以上的代碼只是為了說(shuō)明大數(shù)據(jù)搜索的基本原理,包括布隆過(guò)濾器,分詞和倒排表。如果大家真的想要利用這代碼來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的搜索功能,還差的太遠(yuǎn)。所有的內(nèi)容來(lái)自于Splunk Conf2017。大家如果有興趣可以去看網(wǎng)上的視頻。
-
python
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原文標(biāo)題:用 Python 實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)大數(shù)據(jù)搜索引擎
文章出處:【微信號(hào):magedu-Linux,微信公眾號(hào):馬哥Linux運(yùn)維】歡迎添加關(guān)注!文章轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。
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