教學(xué)目標(biāo)
掌握分析三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械特性;
掌握三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)的各種起動(dòng)方法;
掌握三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)的回饋、反接、能耗制動(dòng)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。
3.1 Speed /Torque Curves
Vocabulary
1. power distribution
2. electromagnetical torque
3. breakdown torque=stalling torque
4. asymptotic
5. abscissae
6. skew
7. full-pitch coil
Example
A three-phase,230V,60Hz,12kW,4 pole wound induction motor has the following parameters expressed in Ω /phase.
R1=0.095 x1=0.68
x2=0.672 xm=18.7
Using MATLAB, plot the electromechanical torque Tmech as a function of rotor speed in r/min for rotor resistances of r2=0.1,0.2,0.5,1.0 and 1.5 Ω .
3.2 Starting of Induction Motors
Vocabulary
ball mill, crusher, compressor
terminal, a deep-bar cage
installation, maintenance
aperiodic component
resultant flux , stationary
inrush current , residual magnetisation
qualitative , inertia , parabola , kinetic
direct connection to the line
autotransformer
starting by star-delta switching
m.m.f = magnetomotive force 磁動(dòng)勢(shì)
rotating field 旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)
ampere-turns 安匝
stator, rotor, primary (secondary) winding 定、轉(zhuǎn)子初(次)級(jí)繞組
slip 轉(zhuǎn)差,滑差
lamination 沖片,疊片;薄片
periphery 圓周
counterclockwise 反時(shí)針?lè)较虻?
phase-sequence 相序
It is interesting to note that this expression could have been written down directly by applying the general theorem for maximum power transfer in such a series circuit; i.e. the load resistance must be equal to the impedance modulus of the remaining circuit components.
The starting torque can be increased up to the maximum figure merely by inserting an external resistance to bring r 2 up to (substitute s=1 in eqn. (2.7)), this value is much higher than the natural rotor resistance
In a number of industries motors must satisfy very strict speed characteristic requirements, both in respect to range and smoothness of control and also in respect to economical operation. From the point of view of speed-control characteristics, induction motors are inferior to d.c. motors, the shortcoming being the greater the wider the range of control.
1. State in which quadrants a machine operates
???a. As a brake
???b. As a motor
???c. As a generator
2. Under what circumstances is reduced voltage starting required ?
3. Name four types of circuit diagrams and describe the purpose of each.
o 轉(zhuǎn)子串電阻分級(jí)起動(dòng)
作圖法計(jì)算起動(dòng)電阻 :
先畫(huà)固有機(jī)械特性;
確定最大起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 1 及切換轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 2 ;
作第一級(jí)起動(dòng)機(jī)械特性;
作第二級(jí)起動(dòng)機(jī)械特性;
作第三級(jí)起動(dòng)機(jī)械特性;
完成作圖。
解析法計(jì)算起動(dòng)電阻
3.3 三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)的制動(dòng)
能耗制動(dòng)
基本原理
????制動(dòng)停車(chē)過(guò)程中,系統(tǒng)原來(lái)貯存的動(dòng)能消耗了,這部分能量主要被電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)換為電能消耗在轉(zhuǎn)子回路中,與他勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的能耗制動(dòng)過(guò)程相似。因此,上述過(guò)程亦稱(chēng)之為能耗制動(dòng)。
o 定子等效電流
????三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)能耗制動(dòng)過(guò)程中電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 的產(chǎn)生,是由于轉(zhuǎn)子與定子磁通勢(shì)之間有相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng);相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)速度的大小與方向不同,則轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 的大小與方向也隨之不同。
????分析能耗制動(dòng)狀態(tài)下運(yùn)行的三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī),可以用三相交流電流產(chǎn)生的旋轉(zhuǎn)磁通勢(shì) 等效替代直流磁通勢(shì) ,在等效替代后,就可以使用電動(dòng)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)時(shí)的分析方法與所得結(jié)論。等效替代的條件是:
(1) 用 等效 ,需保持磁通勢(shì)幅值不變,
(2) 用 等效 ,需保持磁通勢(shì)與轉(zhuǎn)子之間相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述 ( 即轉(zhuǎn)差 ) 不變,為 0-n=-n 。
o 轉(zhuǎn)差率及等值電路
機(jī)械特性
特點(diǎn):
v 異步電動(dòng)機(jī)能耗制動(dòng)的機(jī)械特性與定子接三相交流電源運(yùn)行時(shí)的機(jī)械特性相似。
v 當(dāng)直流勵(lì)磁一定,而轉(zhuǎn)子電阻增加時(shí),產(chǎn)生最大制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)速隨之增加,但是產(chǎn)生的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩值不變。
v 轉(zhuǎn)子電路電阻不變,而增大直流勵(lì)磁電流時(shí),產(chǎn)生的最大制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩增大,但產(chǎn)生最大轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)速不變。
反接制動(dòng)
倒拉反轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行
????拖動(dòng)位能性恒轉(zhuǎn)矩負(fù)載運(yùn)行的三相繞線(xiàn)式異步電動(dòng)機(jī),若在轉(zhuǎn)子回路內(nèi)串人一定值的電阻,電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速可以降低。如果所串的電阻超過(guò)某一數(shù)值后,電動(dòng)機(jī)還要反轉(zhuǎn),運(yùn)行于第Ⅳ象限,稱(chēng)之為倒拉反轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。
倒拉反轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行時(shí)負(fù)載向電動(dòng)機(jī)送入機(jī)械功率是靠負(fù)載儲(chǔ)存的位能的減小,是位能性負(fù)載倒過(guò)來(lái)拉著電動(dòng)機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)。
回饋制動(dòng)運(yùn)行
????電動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行于第Ⅳ象限, T>0 , n<0 ,稱(chēng)為反向回饋制動(dòng)。起重機(jī)高速放下重物時(shí),經(jīng)常采用反向回饋制動(dòng)運(yùn)行方式。
????反向回饋制動(dòng)運(yùn)行時(shí),電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率關(guān)系與正向回饋制動(dòng)過(guò)程是一樣的,電動(dòng)機(jī)是一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī),它把負(fù)載位能減少而輸入的機(jī)械功率變?yōu)殡姽β?,然后回送給電網(wǎng)。從節(jié)能的觀(guān)點(diǎn)看問(wèn)題,反向回饋制動(dòng)下放重物比能耗制動(dòng)下放重物要好。
??? 運(yùn)行在正向電動(dòng)狀態(tài)的三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī),當(dāng)拖動(dòng)的負(fù)載是位能恒轉(zhuǎn)矩負(fù)載時(shí),如果進(jìn)行反接制動(dòng)停車(chē),當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速降到 n=0 時(shí)若不采取聽(tīng)出措施,那么電動(dòng)機(jī)將會(huì)反接起動(dòng),并最后運(yùn)行于反向回饋制動(dòng)狀態(tài)。
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